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ICSE-X-HistCivics

Previous Year Paper year:2011

with Solutions - page 3

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  • #4-c-i
    Appointments
  • #4-c-ii [4]
    Right to be informed.
  • Qstn #5
    :
    The Supreme Court is the apex court of our country. In this context, explain the following:
  • #5-a [3]
    The composition of the Supreme Court of India.
    Ans : Composition: The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice of India and not more than twenty five other judges, until Parliament by law prescribes a larger number. The chief justice of the supreme court with the prior consent of the President may appoint some judges to the supreme court on an adhoc (temporary) basis.
  • #5-b [3]
    The meaning of independence of the judiciary and the need to do so.
    Ans : An independent judiciary means a justice system that is not influenced by either the legislative or executive branch. It is free to make decisions based upon law, not upon men or pressure from other groups. An independent judiciary is created to guarantee equal justice to all. Judges and juries are free from influence and can make fair and honest decisions about cases.
  • #5-c [4]
    The manner in which the constitution seeks to maintain the independence of the judiciary.
    Ans : Independence of Judiciary:
    The Constitution of India ensures the independence of the Judiciary through the following measures:
    (i) appointment of judges;
    (ii) removal of judges;
    (iii) security of tenure of the judges;
    (iv) security of salaries and service conditions;
    (v) freedom to announce decisions and decrees in the court;
    (vi) punishment for contempt of court;
    (vii) no discussion in the legislature on the conduct of judges; and
    (viii) prohibition of practice after retirement.
  • Qstn #6
    :
    The First War of Independence of 1857 was a culmination of people's dissatisfaction with the British rule. In this context enumerate the following causes :
  • #6-a [3]
    Military causes
    Ans : Military Causes:

    1. Low salary and poor prospects of promotion.

    2. Disproportion between Indian and British troops.

    3. Social distance between officers and Indian soldiers.

    4. Loss of British prestige in Afghan War.

    5. General Service Enlistment Act by which Indians enlisted in British Army could be sent overseas.

  • #6-b [3]
    Economic causes
    Ans : Economic Causes:

    1. The British Government restrictions on the import of Indian textiles besides imposing heavy import duties on such goods.

    2. India was forced to export raw materials like raw cotton and raw silk at cheaper rates that the British industries needed urgently; plantation products (like indigo, tea); and food grains which were in short supply in Britain.

    3. The British Company confiscated the jagirs of many landlords and taluqars.

  • #6-c [4]
    Political causes.
    Ans : Political Causes:

    1. The British policy of territorial annexations led to the displacement of a large number of rulers and chiefs. The vigorous application of the policies of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse angered the ruling sections of the society. Rani Lakshmi Bai and Nana Sahib became bitter enemies of the British and led to the revolt in their respective territories.

    2. The annexation of Awadh, on grounds of misgovernment, was greatly resented. The Nawabs of Awadh had always been loyal to the British. The annexation was widely seen as a blatant act of back-stabbing by the British. It deeply hurt the sentiments of the Company's sepoys because most of them came from Awadh.

    3. Moreover, even under the new regime, the people of Awadh got no relief from oppression. Peasants had to pay even higher revenue and additional taxes were imposed.

    4. The British provided no alternative source of employment to the people who lost their jobs due to the dissolution of the Nawab's administration.

  • Qstn #7
    :
    The Civil Disobedience Movement was significant in the History of the National Movement. In this context write briefly on the following points:
  • #7-a [3]
    The circumstances leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
    Ans : The Indian National Congress in its Lahore session had declared "Poorna Swaraj" or Complete Independence as its ultimate goal. Earlier the Indian demand of Dominion status was rejected by Lord Irwin. The British rulers were in no mood to relent. Against this background, Gandhiji had written a letter to Viceroy Irwin urging him to implement eleven point programme for fulfilling people's welfare. On receiving a negative response from the Viceroy, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Gandhiji. It aimed at forcing the government to meet the Indian demands.
  • #7-b [3]
    The Second Round Table Conference.
    Ans : The Second Round Table Conference of 1931: Gandhiji was chosen as the sole representative of the Congress for the Second Round Table Conference. The Conference devoted most of its time to the communal question and the representation of minorities—the Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians and Anglo Indians—in legislatures, both at the centre and in the provinces. Gandhiji was disgusted to find that most leaders seemed concerned only about seats in legislature for their respective communities. The question of Independence or of setting up a responsible government receded into background. Gandhiji returned "empty handed" to India.
  • #7-c [4]
    The Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
    Ans : Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931: The repressive and harsh measures used by the British to crush the Civil Disobedience Movement could not suppress the spirit of the people. The government released Gandhiji for negotiating with Viceroy Lord Irwin. After long discussions Gandhiji and Lord Irwin signed a pact on 5 March 1931, popularly called as Gandhiji-Irwin pact. According to it, Lord Irwin agreed:

    1. To release all the political prisoners except those convicted for violence and killing.

    2. To permit peaceful picketing of the shops selling foreign goods.

    3. To permit Indians living near sea shore to manufacture salt without paying duty.

    4. To withdraw the ordinances promulgated during the Civil Disobedience Movement.


    On the other hand, Gandhiji agreed :

    1. To suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement.

    2. To stop boycott of British goods.

    3. To attend Second Round Table conference for resolving Indian Political Problem.

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