Previous Year Paper year:2014 : ICSE-X-HistCivics

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ICSE-X-HistCivics

Previous Year Paper year:2014

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#8-a [1]
Identify the Viceroy in the picture.

Ans : Lord Mountbatten.

#8-b [2]
Why was he sent to India ?
Ans : Prime. Minister Attlee announced that British would quit India by 30th June, 1948. If the Muslim League did not join the Constituent Assembly the government would have to consider to whom the power of the Central Government should be handed. He INSERT IGNORE INTO d Lord Wavell, by Lord Mountbatten to solve the dispute of the Muslim League and the Congress as Muslim League demanded Pakistan.

#8-c [2]
How did he plan to solve, the communal problem existing in India ?
Ans : In the struggle for India's partition riots broke out in Kolkata, Punjab, Assam and North-West Frontier province. After many consultations with Nehru, Patel, Azad, Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Mountbatten came to the conclusion that the sooner power was transferred the better for all. He was convinced that India was to be partitioned. Transfer of power to Indians could only be on the basis of partition of the country.

#8-d [5]
Why did the Congress accept the Plan ? State three reasons to justify its acceptance.
Ans :
The Congress accepted the Mountbatten plan because :

The Communal riots had taken a serious turn as a result of the direct action of the Muslim League. Partition of the country seemed to offer a new way out of chaos and anarchy.

The League had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not co-operate Experience of working with the League had convinced Patel and others that it was not possible to carry on and there must either be partition or open war with League,

The only alternative to Partition was a Federation with a weak centre. The disruptive forces—dynastic, communal and regional could be kept under control only by a strong centre. A smaller India with a strong central authority was better than a bigger state with a weak centre.

Qstn #9
:
With reference to the causes of the Second World War answer the following:

#9-a
Ans :
(i) Fascism: Italy had to spend a lot of money during the First World War on her army and war equipments. She was under heavy debts. Italian government was faced with serious problems of poverty, hunger, disease and unemployment, Riots and strikes broke out all over the country. The government was not strong enough to maintain law and order in the state. In this situation of general lawlessness the Fascist seized the power in Italy. They had an imperialistic attitude. Italy turned towards Germany and Japan and concluded a treaty of friendship leading to Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis in opposition to Franco-British Alliance. In 1940, Italy entered the Second World War.
Nazism: Hitler preached the Gospel of Victorious sword. He broke the bonds of the Treaty of Versailles and began to build up Germany's armed forces. In March 1938, he made his first move to occupy Rhineland that had be demilitarized by the Treaty of Varsailles. He then captured Vienna. Soon he turned his attention to Sudetarland. The Czech government accepted the Munich Pact in the interest of Peace and Hitler's troops occupied Sudetarland. Soon in March 1939 Germany invaded rest of Czechosolvakia without any justification. Hitler wanted to occupy Darzig corridor because it was mostly occupied by Germans and also he could connect East Prussia with Germany. On 1st September, 1939 Germans stormed into Poland. On 3rd September Britain and France declared war on Germany. Thus the Second World War began.
(ii) Japan's invasion of China: An important act of aggression after the First World War was the invasion of China by Japan in 1931. China appealed to the League of Nations to declare sanctions against Japan but Britain and France, the leading members of the League did not give any attention. Japan occupied Manchuria and set up a government there. In 1933 Japan left the League and started occupying British and American properties in China but Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement thinking Japanese could be used to - weaker China. On 7th December, 1941 Japan attached the US Fleet in Pearl Harbour in Hawai shocking the American. USA, declared war on the Axis power.

#9-a-i [3]
Explain how the ideologies of Fascism and Nazism led to the Second World War.

#9-a-ii [3]
How did the Japanese invasion of China create conditions for the outbreak of the war ?

#9-b [4]
Explain the consequences of the war with reference to the formation of the United Nations.
Ans : Consequences of the War: Everyone looked for a better and happier world after the Second World War. The horrors of the Two World War and the failure of the League of Nations led to a meeting of the Big Three—Roosevelt (President of USA), Churchill (Prime Minister of Britain) and Stalin (Premier of USSR) at Yalta in February 1945. They resolved to convene a conference of the representatives of all nations to draw up the Charter of the United Nations. This led to the establishment of the United Nations on October 24, 1945. The Wars left a legacy of misery and depression in nearly every country and UNO was established to maintain world peace and secure the economic and social as well as political security to every nation.

Qstn #10
:
With reference to the Non-Aligned Movement, explain the following:

#10-a [2]
'Non-Alignment'.
Ans : Non-Alignment: The term Non-alignment may be differently interpreted. Negatively a country that is non-aligned does not support or is not part of any Power Blocs.
Non-Alignment aimed at keeping away from the Cold War. It should not be considered isolationism. It means the nations which are non-aligned judge each issue on its own merits and do not toe the line of one or the other super power.

#10-b [4]
Two factors responsible for its formation.
Ans :
Factors Responsible for its formation:

Global tension caused by Cold War most newly independent countries of Asia and Africa realised the division of the world into Two Power Blocs was not in their larger interest and this might endanger World Peace. These nations felt that by maintaining distance from both the super powers they would put off the danger of another war or a nuclear holocaust.

Need for Peace : Another factor was the need of peace without which there could be no development. Afro-Asian countries looked at arms race as dangerous for World Peace. At the same time they realised that they would be strengthening UNO by being non-aligned.

#10-c [4]
Role of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
Ans :
The Asian Relations Conference took place in Delhi in 1947 in which he prompted the delegates not to joint any block and to get ready for the freedom of their countries. He prompted the new independent countries to remain united and maintain their separate identity.

He along with the Chinese Premier Chou-En-Lai enunciated the five principles of peaceful co existence i.e. Panchsheel.

The Bandung Conference of 1955 was a further step towards the formation of NAM. His principles of Panchsheel became the bedrock of NAM.

Those were the efforts of Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru and other prominent leaders like President Sukarno, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. President Josip Broz Tito that first summit of NAM was held from September 1 to 6, 1961 at Belgrade. The summit adopted the documents called “statement on danger of war and Appeal for peace".

India under the leadership of Nehru played a leading role in various issues and problems of international politics, which strengthened the Non-aligned movement.