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ICSE-X-HistCivics

Previous Year Paper year:2013

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Qstn #5
:
The country's Judicial System has a Supreme Court at its apex. In this context discuss the following :

#5-a [3]
Manner of appointment of judges.
Ans : Every judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice and such other Judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts as he may deem necessary for this purpose.

#5-b [3]
Term of office and removal of judges.
Ans :
A Judge of Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice, remains in office until he attains the age of sixty-five years.
The procedure for impeachment or removal of Judges is as under :

The resolution to impeach the President may be moved in either House of the Parliament after a notice of 14 days has been given. A list of charges must be supported by one-fourth of the total members of the House.

Such a resolution must be passed by a 2/3rd of the total majority of the members of that House.

Then the charges levelled against the President are investigated by the other House. The President can appear in person or through a counsel to defend himself.

If the charges are approved by 2/3rd of the total majority, the impeachment is finalised and the President is removed from the day the impeachment resolution is passed.

#5-c [4]
Its power of Judicial Review.
Ans :
(i) Judicial Review is the power of the Supreme Court to examine laws passed by the independent and the executive orders of the Centre and State governments in order to find whether these are in accordance with the Constitution or not. This is called Judicial Review. If an order or a law is found to be contrary to the Constitution, the Supreme Court declares it null and void.
(ii) The Supreme Court has the power to review all laws, executive orders and ordinances.The Supreme Court has the power to declare them null and void, if these are found to be inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution.

Qstn #6
:
The early Congressment were liberal in their views and programmes. This led to the rise of Assertive Nationalists who demanded more forceful action against the British. In this context discuss the following :

#6-a [3]
Reasons why the early Congressmen were called Moderates.
Ans :
The early Congressmen were called Moderates because :

They were in favour of British rule.

There attitude was not anti-British. They had unlimited faith in the British sense of justice.

Petitions, prayers and pleas were the method used by them.

#6-b [3]
How did Moderates differ from the Assertive Nationalists in realizing their objectives.
Ans :
(i) The Moderates wanted to achieve self government, they did not aim for total independence. They demanded certain reforms and concessions from British government because they wanted to develop India under the guidance of benevolent British rule. On the other hand, Extremists wanted Swaraj i.e., complete independence.
(ii) Moderates were loyal to British rule and English crown. They considered British rule a gift for India. The Extremists were not loyal to British rule and they considered it as a curse and wanted to uproot it from India.
(iii) The moderates believed in adopting constitutional and peaceful method to achieve their objective. They had full faith in British sense of justice. Extremists believed in non co-operation and adopted method of boycott against foreign goods and propagation of swadeshi and national education. They believed in Indian culture, civilization, religion and tradition. Whereas Moderates believed in British culture.
(iv) Moderates believed that Indians were not fit to rule. Under the moderates, national movement was not a popular movement, it had no touch with people. While under extremists, people came under them.

#6-c [4]
How did Tilak bring a new wave in Indian politics that was distinct from the early Congressmen ?
Ans :
(i) Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a fearless fighter. He had no faith in the methods of prayers and petitions.
(ii) It was his firm conviction that independence would come to India only when the Indians were strong to snatch it from the British hands.
(iii) His weeklies, The Mahratta and The Kesari made bitter attacks on the Government. He used his newspapers as powerful weapons to spread discontent against British rule.
(iv) It was under his influence that the Congress in its annual Session in 1906 had to pass resolutions regarding Swaraj. He said Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.
(v) Bal Gangadhar Tilak wanted to extend Swadeshi and Boycott movements as the normal methods of agitation.

Qstn #7
:
The reasons for the formation of the Muslim leagre were many. In this context explain:

#7-a [3]
Any three factors that led to the formation of the Muslim League in India.
Ans :
(i) After the revolt of 1857 and the partition of Bengal, the Britishers saw the unity between the Hindus and Muslims. To check the growth of nationalism, they encouraged the formation of Muslim League.
(ii) The working of Indian National Congress also gave a setback to the British government. They wanted to create an organisation which could check the popularity of the Congress.
(iii) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a great social reformer and an educationist. He worked as a guiding force for the Muslims to form a separate organisation.

#7-b [3]
Any three demands made by the Muslim Deputation in 1906 to the Viceroy Lord Minto.
Ans :
The Muslim leaders made the following demands:

Separate Electorates: The Muslims should be given the right of sending their representatives to the Provincial Councils and Imperial Legislative Council through separate communal electorates.

Weightage in Representation: The representation to the Muslim Community should be determined not by their numerical strength. It should be in accordance with the position they occupied in India about a hundred years ago.

Greater Representation in Civil, Military and Judicial Services :
There should be greater representation of the Muslims in all services-civil and military. Further, there should be Muslim judges in every High Court.

The Founding of a Muslim University: The Deputation asked for help in founding a Muslim University which would be a centre of religious, cultural and intellectual life.
The Address concluded with the words that the bond of loyalty united the Muslims and the British in India. The promotion of Muslim interests would further strengthen this bond. (any three)

#7-c [4]
What were the aims and objectives of the Muslim League ?
Ans :
The aims of the Muslim league were :

To promote feelings of loyalty among Indian Muslims towards the British Government.

To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and present them before the Government in mild language.

To promote friendly feelings between Muslims and other communities of India without any harm to the objectives of the League.

One of the main objectives of the Muslim League was to keep the Muslim intelligensia away from the mainstream of National Movement.

Qstn #8
:
The Congress working committee passed the famous Quit India resolution at Wardha in July 1942. With reference to this answer the following questions :

#8-a [3]
What were the reasons for the passing of this resolution ?
Ans :
Failure of the Cripps Mission: The failure of the Cripps Mission left no meeting ground between the Congress and the government. It was clear from the proposals that the government was not willing to grant independence in the near future. The Indians were also not happy at the proposals of Cripps Mission because proposals contained within them provisions which could divide India into hundreds of independent provinces.

War Situation: There was every possibility that India might be attacked by Japan and the Indians were helpless because they had no power or means to resist the attack. So, the Indian leaders felt that the situation called for complete independence. Gandhiji also felt that an orderly and peaceful withdrawal of the British could save India from internal anarchy and external aggression.

Internal Anarchy: The communal situation was worsening day by day.
The Muslim League was demanding a separate state i.e., Pakistan. This had spoiled the communal situation.

#8-b [3]
What was the British Government's reaction to the Quit India Movement ?
Ans : The government used police and army to suppress the movement. Hundreds of persons were killed and over 70,000 arrested in less than five months. Even armed aircrafts were used in Bhagalpur and Monghyr in Bihar. Mobs were dispersed by lathi charge, rifle, pistol and occasionally by machine guns. Even women and children were not spared. The main objective of the government was to terrorize the people.